Concept:Agency by ratification arises when a principal approves an act performed on his behalf by a representative.
Explanation:The representative may act without prior authority or exceed the authority actually given to him.
After the act is done, the principal examines it and gives his approval.
This approval is known as ratification.
Ratification makes the act valid from the very beginning, as if full authority had existed earlier.
The principal's approval therefore confirms the representative's action completely.
This is different from agency by necessity, which arises in emergencies requiring immediate action.
It is also different from agency by implication, which is inferred from the conduct of the parties.
It is not agency by estoppel, which arises when the principal's conduct leads a third party to believe that authority exists.
Since the central feature is the principal approving the action of his representative, the correct answer is ratification.
Answer:A. ratification