Concept: Indirect rule denied educated Africans participation in governance, which stirred political awareness and nationalism.Explanation:Under indirect rule, British officials ruled through traditional chiefs and excluded educated elites from power. These educated Africans felt sidelined and began to criticise colonial policies. Their exclusion from government pushed them to form political movements that demanded self-rule. Thus, indirect rule created conditions that accelerated the growth of nationalism in British colonies.Answer: D. the rise of nationalism