Concept:An infant industry is a newly established industry that is not yet strong enough to compete with older, established firms in the international market.
Explanation:During the early stages of its life, an infant industry faces high production costs, lack of experience, and a limited scale of operation.
These challenges make it unable to compete with established foreign competitors.
Governments often protect such industries using tariffs, subsidies, or other temporary measures until they grow and become competitive.
The word "infant" refers to the industry being young or newly formed, not to the production of baby products.
Therefore, among the given options, infant industries are best described as newly established industries.
Answer:A. newly established industries