Concept:Seku Amadu’s early 19th-century jihad was an Islamic reform movement directed against the non-Muslim Bambara rulers in the Middle Niger region.
Explanation:Seku Amadu led this jihad to purify Islam and remove the Bambara kingdoms’ control over the area.
The Bambara kingdoms, especially Ségou, were the main political power he opposed.
His forces defeated them and later established the Massina Empire, with Hamdallaye as its capital.
This campaign was not aimed at the Asante Empire, French colonial forces, or the Sokoto Caliphate.
The Sokoto Caliphate was a fellow Islamic state and was not the target of his jihad.
Therefore, the option that correctly identifies the primary opponent is the Bambara Kingdoms.
Answer:B. The Bambara Kingdoms