Concept:Mohammed Ali’s complete rise to power in Egypt came through the removal of the Mamluks, the old ruling military class.
Explanation:The Mamluks had dominated Egypt for centuries as soldiers and rulers.
Mohammed Ali, the Ottoman governor, saw them as the main threat to his authority.
In 1811, he invited the Mamluk leaders to a ceremony at the Cairo Citadel and ordered them to be killed.
This event, known as the Mamluk Massacre, destroyed Mamluk power.
It left Mohammed Ali as the undisputed master of Egypt and marked his final rise to power.
Answer:C. The Mamluk Massacre