Concept:The Mfecane was a period of intense upheaval and warfare in southern Africa during the early 19th century.
Explanation:The term Mfecane means "the crushing" in Zulu.
It occurred roughly between 1815 and 1840.
It was marked by widespread fighting among indigenous African communities.
The main driving force was intertribal conflicts and large population movements.
The rise of the Zulu kingdom under Shaka forced many groups to flee or attack others.
These displacements triggered further warfare and migration across the region.
Therefore, the Mfecane was not primarily caused by famine, European colonial expansion, or the Arab slave trade.
Answer:B. Intertribal conflicts and population movements.