Concept:The reform movement must be a West African Islamic reform effort that rejected local traditional practices during the 18th and 19th centuries.
Explanation:The Qadiriyya brotherhood was the central Islamic order responsible for such reforms in West Africa.
One of its most prominent members, Usman dan Fodio, launched a jihad in Hausaland around 1804 to purify Islam from local customs and establish a strict Islamic caliphate.
The Wahhabi Movement was based in Arabia, while the Mahdist Movement was centered in Sudan, east Africa.
The general Sufi Brotherhoods often accommodated local traditions rather than eliminating them.
Thus, the Qadiriyya Movement best matches the specific aim and location described in the question.
Answer:D. Qadiriyya Movement