Concept:The Mfecane was a period of widespread warfare and displacement in Southern Africa caused largely by war-created refugee problems.
Explanation:The correct option is the one that identifies war-created refugee problems as a critical factor.
These refugee crises arose when powerful kingdoms attacked weaker groups, forcing entire communities to flee their homes.
For example, when Zwide attacked Sobhuza, the Ngwane people were driven from the Pongola valley.
They became invaders and raiders in unknown territories, searching for a new homeland.
This chain of displacement and conflict eventually helped build the Swazi state.
Such refugee-driven migrations and invasions were central to the Mfecane disruptions.
Answer:B. war-created refugee problems