Concept:Muhammad Ali's expansion into Sudan was motivated by economic gain, not just territorial ambition.
Explanation:His 1820 invasion of Sudan was designed to finance Egypt's modernization.
He needed gold, ivory, and gum arabic to fund new state projects.
Sudan also supplied slaves for his newly built army and labour force.
These resources helped develop Egyptian agriculture and local industries.
Thus, his central agenda was economic exploitation to support Egyptian reforms.
Political and colonial control served only as a means to achieve this end.
Exploitation of resources is therefore the central theme of his hegemonic rule.
Answer:Option B: the exploitation of natural resources for development finance in Egypt.