Concept:The 19th-century West African jihads were religious reform movements with a shared purpose.Explanation:• These jihads took place at different times across West Africa, so they were not executed simultaneously.• The participants came from different groups and regions, so they were not all of the same origin.• Their major similarity was that they all aimed to purify Islam and establish Islamic governance.• The union between the Hausa and Fulani was specific to the Sokoto Caliphate, not a common feature of all the jihads.Answer:C. they had a common objective