Concept:The Sokoto Caliphate emerged from a religious reform movement in northern Nigeria led by Usman dan Fodio.
Explanation:The key factor behind the rise of the Sokoto Caliphate was the Islamic Jihad.
Usman dan Fodio, a renowned Islamic scholar, launched this jihad in
1804.
It was a holy war against the practices of the ruling Hausa elite, which he considered un-Islamic.
Through this religious struggle, he gained broad support from the local population.
The success of the jihad led to the establishment of an Islamic state known as the Sokoto Caliphate.
Thus, the Caliphate's rise was driven primarily by religious zeal rather than by trade, agriculture, or European influence.
Answer:D. Islamic Jihad.