Concept:Citizenship rights are legal claims and entitlements granted to members of a state through birth, residence, or certification.
Explanation:A citizen gains these rights by being born in a country, by descent from citizen parents, or by legal certification such as naturalisation or registration.
These entitlements are not available to every person living in the territory; they belong only to the recognised citizens of that state.
For example, citizens alone may vote, contest elections, and hold certain offices such as owning property or acquiring a national passport.
Fundamental rights and civil liberties are based on being human, so they apply to both citizens and non-citizens alike.
Therefore, the phrase “by reasons of birth and residence and/or certification” describes citizenship rights precisely.
Answer:D. citizenship rights