Concept:Low agricultural productivity is largely caused by outdated farming methods and tools.
Explanation:Most rural farmers in West Africa still rely on crude implements like hoes and cutlasses.
These tools require much labour but produce little output.
With such equipment, farmers cannot cultivate large areas or improve yields.
Modern machines would increase efficiency and production, but their absence keeps output low.
Large-scale agro-allied industries would raise production, not lower it.
High dependency ratio and subsistence farming are related issues, but the direct cause of low output is the use of poor farming implements.
Answer:D. The use of crude implements in farming process.