Concept:The 1948 riots were caused by economic hardship, unemployment, and colonial discontent, not by events that happened after the riots.Explanation:The 1948 riots in the Gold Coast were triggered by the march of ex-servicemen and long-standing grievances such as rising prices, mass unemployment, and general discontent against European rule.Nkrumah's suspension from the U.G.C.C. occurred later, after the riots, and therefore was not a cause of the 1948 riots.Answer:A. Nkrumah's suspension from the U.G.C.C.